Los cuidados enfermeros de San Juan de Dios según el Modelo de las necesidades humanas de Henderson / Cuidados de enfermagem de São João de Deus segundo o modelo de necessidades humanas de Henderson / Nursing care of Saint John of God according to Henderson's model of human needs

Consulting manuals of the History of Nursing, it can be appreciated how it is from Nightingale when considering the birth of modern or professional Nursing. However, this belief could be a black legend, because before the 19th century there was already awareness of Nursing as a profession, being this initiated by Juan de Dios, the one from Granada, in the Spanish 16th century. For this reason, in this article we have set the objective of describing the care of Juan de Dios following the model of human needs described by Henderson, together with care in agony and post-mortem. To do this, we use the historiographical methodology following the current of the history of mentalities, so that we can go from the past to the present, and vice versa. In the documentary analysis we have been able to observe how what we find today systematized in a theoretical way was already carried out at the beginning of the nursing reform of the Spanish 16th century, being a valid model for current Nursing, since it is found in its being, knowing , and doing, the concepts of the current nursing metaparadigm, although not explicitly, since its intention, more than theoretical, was care, although behind it there was a corpus of doctrine independent of other socio-health disciplines.(AU)

Consultando manuales de Historia de la Enfermería, se puede apreciar cómo es a partir de Nightingale cuando se considera el nacimiento de la Enfermería moderna o profesional. Sin embargo, esta creencia podría ser leyenda negra, pues antes del S. XIX ya existía conciencia de Enfermería como profesión, siendo esta iniciada por Juan de Dios, el de Granada, en el S. XVI español. Por ello, en el presente artículo hemos marcado como objetivo el describir los cuidados de Juan de Dios siguiendo el modelo de necesidades humanas descritas por Henderson, junto con los cuidados en la agonía y post-mortem. Para ello, utilizamos la metodología historiográfica siguiendo la corriente de la historia de las mentalidades, de manera que podamos ir del pasado al presente, y viceversa. En el análisis documental hemos podido observar cómo lo que hoy encontramos sistematizado de manera teórica, ya se realizaba en el inicio de la reforma enfermera del S. XVI español, siendo un modelo válido para la Enfermería actual, pues se encuentra en su ser, saber, y hacer, los conceptos del metaparadigma enfermero actuales aunque no de manera explícita, puesto que su intención, más que teórica, era asistencial, aunque detrás de ella hubo un corpus doctrinal independiente a otras disciplinassocio-sanitarias.(AU)

Ao consultar os manuais da História da Enfermagem, podese apreciar como é a partir de Nightingale quando se considera o nascimento da Enfermagem moderna ou profissional. No entanto, esta crença pode ser uma lenda negra, pois antes do século XIX já existia a consciência da Enfermagem como profissão, sendo esta iniciada por Juan de Dios, o de Granada, no século XVI espanhol. Por isso, neste artigo estabelecemos o objetivo de descrever o cuidado de Juan de Dios seguindo o modelo de necessidades humanas descrito por Henderson, juntamente com o cuidado em agonia e post-mortem. Para isso, utilizamos a metodologia historiográfica seguindo a corrente da história das mentalidades, para que possamos ir do passado ao presente e vice-versa. Na análise documental pudemos observar como o que encontramos hoje sistematizado de forma teórica já foi realizado no início da reforma da enfermagem espanhola do século XVI, sendo um modelo válido para a Enfermagem atual, uma vez que se encontra em seu ser, saber e fazer, os conceitos do atual metaparadigma da enfermagem, ainda que não explicitamente, pois sua intenção, mais do que teórica, era o cuidado, embora por trás dele houvesse um corpus de doutrina independente de outras disciplinas sócio-sanitárias.(AU)

Educational Intervention to Decrease Justification of Adolescent Dating Violence: A Comparative Quasi-Experimental Study.

Adolescent dating violence has become a public health problem because of the associated high morbidity and mortality rates. Despite social awareness about dating violence, the high justification of violence among adolescents is one of the main risk factors for both perpetration and victimisation. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention in reducing the justification of violence in adolescent dating. A quasi-experimental, longitudinal, prospective study with a control group was conducted. The study was carried out in six different schools in the Region of Murcia (Spain), and the participants were 854 students aged 14-18 years. The educational intervention was focused on reducing the justification of adolescent dating violence and consisted of 9 weekly 1 h group sessions. The Justification of Verbal/Coercive Tactics Scale (JVCT) and the Attitudes About Aggression in Dating Situations (AADS) survey were administered at baseline and at the end of the intervention in order to determine the justification of psychological and physical violence, respectively. At baseline, the justification of physical violence was at a medium-to-high level in boys (76.8%) and girls (56.7%), whereas psychological violence was much less justified. Concretely, female psychological violence was justified by 19.5% boys and 16.7% girls, while male violence was justified by 19.0% boys and 17.8% girls. After the educational intervention, a significant decrease in physical violence justification, especially in the AADS dimension of female aggression, was observed. The effect of the intervention was especially evident in psychological violence justification: a statistically significant difference was observed in the JVCT scores of boys (-6.4 and 1.3 points in the intervention and control groups, respectively; p = 0.031), but not of girls (p = 0.594). In conclusion, the educational intervention was adequate to reduce the justification of dating violence among the participants. It may provide adolescents with the skills and resources necessary to confront and resolve conflicts in relationships in a non-violent manner.

Sonographic Markers Are Useful for Detection of Early Vascular Deterioration in Children with Overweight/Obesity: Effect of a 1-Year Combined Nutritional Education and Physical Exercise Program.

As in adults, childhood obesity is associated with several metabolic disorders; however, there is little information regarding complex obesity-derived complications such as hepatic steatosis or endothelial dysfunction at early ages. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to analyze the effect of a nutritional and physical exercise program on obesity comorbidities in the form of subclinical atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver in young children. A total of 148 children completed the study. For nine months (one academic year), children carried out a nutritional and physical activity program of 3 h/week. Anthropometric, clinical, liver ultrasound and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) parameters were evaluated. Our results showed that the program significantly improved anthropometrical parameters, especially regarding BMI and body fat (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). The effect on metabolic parameters was limited, although a significant reduction on triglycerides was observed (p = 0.009). The education program had a great influence on the echogenic parameters, since the percentage of children with light steatosis decreased from 35% to 4% at the end of the study. In addition, cIMT also decreased significantly in both groups, although there was no statistically significant differences between groups. In conclusion, detection of early complications of obesity through sonographic parameters may allow early intervention, as in the present study, to prevent obesity co-morbidities in children.

Validity and reliability of the measurement instrument of the nursing outcome health-related Physical Fitness (2004), proposed and transculturally adapted to the Spanish context.

BACKGROUND: Presently, physical inactivity is the main public health problem in many countries worldwide. Physical activity promotes the maintenance or improvement of one's physical condition. Physical fitness has been established as the main biological marker of the state of health of an individual, and therefore, there is a clear need to measure health-related physical fitness through the use of a reliable and valid instrument. This study is a continuation of the transcultural adaptation process and a new proposal of the nursing outcome Physical Fitness (2004), found in the 5th Edition of the Nursing Outcomes Classification. The objective of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the nursing outcome Health-Related Physical Fitness survey, proposed and transculturally adapted to the Spanish context. METHODS: An instrumental study to validate the nursing outcome Physical Fitness (2004), from the 5th Edition of the Nursing Outcome Classification was carried out. It took place between the months of May, 2016 to May, 2017. On the first stage, the instrument proposed Health-Related Physical Fitness survey was administered to 160 adults who used the Health Services of Murcia, Spain by three independent evaluators. After 4 weeks, it was administered again to 33 participants to calculate the intra-rater reliability. Lastly, the SF-12v2 Health Survey was administered to obtain external evidence of validity. RESULTS: The inter-rater reliability of the nursing outcome proposed obtained high values (between 0.91-0.99) in the evaluations performed by the three evaluators. As for the intra-rater reliability, high values were obtained (0.94-1), except for the item "balance", which was moderate (0.56). Lastly, a positive and statistically significant correlation (p < 0.05) was obtained between the Physical Component Summary, and the dimensions Physical Functioning and General Health from the SF-12v2 Health Survey, and the global score of the Health-Related Physical Fitness proposed instrument. CONCLUSIONS: The validity and reliability results of the nursing outcome Health-Related Physical Fitness survey, proposed and transculturally adapted to the Spanish context, were adequate for its use by nurses with adults who use the Health Services of Murcia. However, this instrument must be analyzed with more diverse samples of health services users.

Quality of life of patients and caregivers in southern Spain: Living with the Obstructive pulmonary disease and after a stroke.

Chronic diseases show a significant limitation on the quality of life and functional status, as patients as also their caregivers. The objective of this study is to analyse the quality of life of patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and stroke and their caregivers, and to find out if there is a relationship between the caregiver's overload and the quality of life of the patient, as well as to determine whether the functional status of the patients is related to the quality of life of the caregiver. Quantitative, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study, performed at Primary Health Care Centres of the northwest Area of Murcia Region (Spain), between January and May 2018, with 131 patients, 79 with stroke, 48 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (4 of them with both diseases), and 110 caregivers. The EuroQol scale, Zarit's questionnaire and Barthel's index and an ad hoc questionnaire of sociodemographic variables developed for this study were used. We found a positive and significant correlation between the scores of the caregiver's overload scale and those of the caregiver's health status (r = -0.425; p = 0.001), and a negative and also significant correlation between the overload and quality of life of the patients (r = -0.297; p = 0.002) and their inability (r = 0.189; p = 0.048). The more the overload we find the worse quality of life of the caregiver, but better quality of life of the patient. The physical inability of the patients also influences on the caregiver's level of overload, but not in his health status. Intervention programmes are needed to improve the quality of life of family members as they are the best patient support and the best help for healthcare professionals.

Hacia una sociedad más justa y equitativa a través de la enfermería renacentista de San Juan de Dios / Rumo a uma sociedade mais justa e mais justa através da Enfermagem do Renascimento de São João de Deus / Towards a fairer and more equitable society through the Renaissance Nursing of Saint John of God

Background: Was there bioethics before Potter? Certainly yes, and a clear example is the Nursingof San Juan de Dios, father of modern Nursing of the s. XVI. After performing various trades, it will bein Granada where he will reform the socio-health care by observing the great inequalities between peopledue to a social and individual conscience numbed by the sense of honor; developing a high sense ofotherness, being his being, the other, framed within a community. And since the poor were his focus ofaction, the sick were his priority, since they were the most disadvantaged dying on the streets of Granada.Aim: Therefore, in this study we propose to describe the principle of Justice and Equality in San Juan deDios through his care, influenced by his Master San Juan de Ávila. Methodology: For this we resort tothe historiographic-hermeneutic method, being the documentary sources the texts of the same closest totheir time. Results-Conclusion: In them we have been able to observe how their spirituality led them totake care of all kinds of people, being the poor, sick, women and children, the center of their actions.However, he took care of the entire population, awakening solidarity among the entire population,making them co-responsible for all their hospital reform through material and human resources. (AU)

Introducción: ¿Existía bioética antes de Potter? Ciertamente sí, y un claro ejemplo es laEnfermería de San Juan de Dios, padre de la Enfermería moderna del s. XVI. Tras desempeñar diversosoficios, será en Granada donde reformará la atención socio-sanitaria al observar las grandesdesigualdades entre personas por una conciencia social e individual adormecida por el sentido del honor;desarrollando un alto sentido de la alteridad, siendo su ser, el otro, enmarcado dentro de una comunidad.Y siendo los pobres su foco de actuación, los enfermos fueron su prioridad, pues eran los másdesfavorecidos muriendo por las calles de Granada. Objetivo: En este estudio nos proponemos describirel principio de Justicia e Igualdad en San Juan de Dios a través de sus cuidados, influido por su MaestroSan Juan de Ávila. Metodología: Para ello recurrimos al método historiográfico-hermenéutico, siendo lasfuentes documentales los textos de los mismos más cercanos a su tiempo. Resultados-Conclusión: Enellos hemos podido observar cómo su espiritualidad les llevó a atender a todo género de personas, siendolos pobres, enfermos, mujeres y niños, el centro de su actuación. Sin embargo, cuidó a toda la poblacióndespertando la solidaridad en toda persona haciéndoles co-responsables de toda su reforma hospitalariamediante recursos materiales y humanos. (AU)

Introdução: Havia bioética antes de Potter? Certamente sim, e um exemplo claro é a Enfermagemde San Juan de Dios, pai da Enfermagem moderna do s. XVI. Depois de realizar vários ofícios, será emGranada onde irá reformar o sistema sócio-sanitário observando as grandes desigualdades entre aspessoas devido a uma consciência social e individual entorpecida pelo sentido da honra; desenvolver umalto senso de alteridade, sendo seu ser, o outro, enquadrado em uma comunidade. E como os pobres eramo seu foco de ação, os doentes eram a sua prioridade, pois eram os mais desfavorecidos morrendo nasruas de Granada. Objetivo: Portanto, neste estudo, propomos descrever o princípio da Justiça e daIgualdade em San Juan de Dios com seus cuidados, influenciados por seu Mestre San Juan de Ávila.Metodologia: Para isso, recorremos ao método historiográfico-hermenêutico, sendo as fontesdocumentais os textos mais próximos do seu tempo. Resultados-Conclusão: Neles, conseguimos observarcomo sua espiritualidade os levou a cuidar de todos os tipos de pessoas, sendo pobres, doentes, mulherese crianças, o centro de suas ações. No entanto, ele cuidou de toda a população, despertando asolidariedade entre toda a população, tornando-os co-responsáveis por toda a reforma hospitalar atravésde recursos materiais e humanos. (AU)

Satisfaction and Beliefs on Gender-Based Violence: A Training Program of Mexican Nursing Students Based on Simulated Video Consultations during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The increase in gender-based violence in light of the COVID-19 pandemic is a public health problem that needs to be addressed. Our study aimed to describe the satisfaction with a training program in gender violence victim's attention through simulated nursing video consultations, analyze the beliefs on gender violence in Mexican undergraduate nursing students, and understand the skills that need to be improved. A descriptive cross-sectional study using a mixed-method was carried out with 27 students using a validated satisfaction questionnaire (quantitative data) and conducting scripted interviews (qualitative data) analyzed through the interpretive paradigm. All nursing students expressed a high overall satisfaction with simulated nursing video consultations and positive perceptions about this training program. From the students' perceptions, three first-level categories and their related second-level and specific categories emerged: belief and myths, skills to improve, and learning improvements. A training program in gender violence victim's attention through simulated nursing video consultations, in the middle of a pandemic, was a satisfactory experience for nursing students and beneficial for them, as they gained new knowledge and socioemotional skills. This training program mainly improved the acquisition of communication and emotional management skills for an adequate gender violence victim's attention.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Sources of Information on Vaccines in Spanish Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Health professionals are the most influential and main sources of information about vaccines for the general population, as they are regarded as role models by patients and society. The objective of the present study was to determine the knowledge and attitudes of a group of university Nursing students about vaccines, as well as their sources of information and their education needs. A cross-sectional study was performed through a questionnaire (55 items) provided to Nursing students at two Spanish universities. A total of 1122 students participated in the study. The mean score obtained for knowledge about vaccines was 44.6 ± 4.3, and for attitudes towards vaccines, it was 37.2 ± 3.9. Hepatitis B (94.7%) and the Flu (89%) are the two main vaccines they should receive as health workers. The main source of information was the family environment (65.6%). Most of them considered that post-graduate education about vaccines should be provided by academic entities (universities, 62.7%). Among the health professionals, Nurses (85.5%) must be better educated and trained on the subject of vaccines. It is therefore necessary to delve into and complete the nurses' training on vaccines, to educate them about the risks at the individual level, and their decisive role as promoters of the vaccination strategy for the general population. Universities must become the leaders in vaccine education and training.

Implementation of Assisted Therapy With Dogs in the Therapeutic Approach to People With Autistic Spectrum Disorder.

A holistic intervention is needed for individuals who suffer from autism spectrum disorders. Our objective was to work with these individuals in a multidisciplinary manner through the use of animal-assisted therapy, finding improvements in the experimental group as compared with the control group in the different evaluated areas.

Health status and nutritional development of adopted Ethiopian children living in southern Spain: A prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The first aim of this study was to evaluate the health status and anthropometrical development of adopted children from Ethiopia living in southern Spain. A second aim was to evaluate the association between these parameters and adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern. METHODS: The study sample included 53 adopted children from Ethiopia and a matched sample of 54 native-born children. A physical examination of the children, including height and weight, was conducted in Ethiopia at the time of entry into the adoption process. Height and weight were re-measured at the first day of adoption and 6, 12, and 24 mo after adoption. After 2 y of follow-up, another physical examination was performed, including the KIDMED test, to measure adherence to the Mediterranean diet. RESULTS: Skin and digestive conditions were the most prevalent disorders in Ethiopian children before adoption and at the end of follow-up. Baseline anthropometric characteristics indicated a low wasting prevalence (7.5%); however, stunted growth was more prevalent (35.8%). After 6 mo, the weight-for-age of Ethiopian children was restored (change from baseline P < 0.001), and not significantly different from the Spanish children at 1-y after adoption. Height-for-age also increased from baseline (P < 0.001. A higher KIDMED score was associated with increased weight-for-age (r = 0.279; P = 0.045) and height-for-age (r = 0.385; P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study of adopted Ethiopian children confirmed a rapid growth development that occurred from the beginning of the adoption process and continued after the 2-y of follow-up. A higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with better growth development, which reinforces the importance of a balanced and adequate diet in growing children.

Florence Nightingale contra las Epidemias / No disponible

El 12 de mayo de 2020, coincidiendo con el Día Internacional de la Enfermera, tiene lugar la webinar "Florence contra las epidemias", organizada por el Consejo de Enfermería de la Comunidad Valenciana y la Fundación Index. En ella participan cuatro historiadores de la Enfermería que abordan la relación de Nightingale con la salud pública, el higienismo, la estadística y el reconocimiento social. Este trabajo describe el desarrollo del coloquio y el impacto que este tuvo en las Redes Sociales

On May 12, 2020, coinciding with International Nurses Day, the "Florence against Epidemics" webinar took place, organized by the Valencian Community Nursing Council and the Index Foundation. Four nursing historians participate in it, addressing Nightingale's relationship with public health, hygiene, statistics and social recognition. This work describes the development of the colloquium and the impact it had on Social Networks

The cultural dialogue on the domestic dimension of care to immigrant caregivers in Spain.

OBJECTIVES: to determine how the immigration phenomenon influences the response to informal care in the domestic level through the caregiver activity, and to analyze the cultural dialogue established in the residential area of Murcia (Spain). METHOD: This is an ethnographic study, conducted in 26 informal immigrant caregivers. As data collection instruments, semi-structured interviews and participant observation were employed. MAXQDA-2 assisted content analysis was also applied. RESULTS: the immigrant caregiver is the main consumer of traditional medicines, extending these health practices to her home group. A cultural dialogue is established on informal care, characterized by interculturalism and mutual adaptation. CONCLUSIONS: cultural hybridization was identified for informal caregivers, immigrants and cultural integration: new health care practices and cultural behaviors in informal systems. There is a transformation in the roles of family members attended in domestic environments, increasing quality of life and self care. They represent an alternative to medicalization, promoting self-management of health.

The cultural dialogue on the domestic dimension of care to immigrant caregivers in Spain / O diálogo cultural na dimensão doméstica de atendimento em cuidadores imigrantes na Espanha / Diálogo cultural en la dimensión doméstica de cuidar en cuidadores inmigrantes en España

Objectives: to determine how the immigration phenomenon influences the response to informal care in the domestic level through the caregiver activity, and to analyze the cultural dialogue established in the residential area of Murcia (Spain).Method: This is an ethnographic study, conducted in 26 informal immigrant caregivers. As data collection instruments, semi-structured interviews and participant observation were employed. MAXQDA-2 assisted content analysis was also applied.Results: the immigrant caregiver is the main consumer of traditional medicines, extending these health practices to her home group. A cultural dialogue is established on informal care, characterized by interculturalism and mutual adaptation.Conclusions: cultural hybridization was identified for informal caregivers, immigrants and cultural integration: new health care practices and cultural behaviors in informal systems. There is a transformation in the roles of family members attended in domestic environments, increasing quality of life and self care. They represent an alternative to medicalization, promoting self-management of health.

Objetivos: determinar como o fenômeno da imigração influencia na resposta aos cuidados informais a nível doméstico por meio da atividade de um cuidador e analisar o diálogo cultural estabelecido na área habitacional de Múrcia (Espanha).Método: Trata-se de um estudo etnográfico, realizado em 26 cuidadores informais imigrantes. Como instrumentos de coleta de dados foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação participante. Análise de conteúdo assistida MAXQDA-2 também foi aplicada.Resultados: a cuidadora imigrante é a principal consumidora de medicamentos tradicionais, estendendo essas práticas de saúde para o grupo doméstico. Um diálogo cultural é estabelecido no cuidado informal, caracterizado pela interculturalidade e adaptação mútua.Conclusões: identifica-se hibridização cultural nas cuidadoras informais imigrantes, intercâmbio e integração cultural: novas práticas de atendimento na saúde e comportamentos culturais em sistemas informais. Há uma transformação nos papéis familiares em atendimento em ambientes domésticos, aumentando a qualidade de vida e autocuidado. Eles representam uma alternativa à medicalização, promovendo a autogestão da saúde.

Objetivos: conocer cómo influye el fenómeno de la inmigración en la respuesta informal de cuidados a nivel doméstico a través de la actividad como cuidador y analizar el diálogo cultural que se establece en el ámbito domiciliario de Murcia (España).Método: se trata de un estudio etnográfico, realizado en 26 cuidadores informales inmigrantes. Como instrumentos de recogida de información utilizamos entrevista semiestructurada y observación participante. Se aplicó análisis de contenido asistido por MAXQDA-2.Resultados: La cuidadora inmigrante es la principal consumidora de medicinas tradicionales, extendiendo estas prácticas de salud al grupo doméstico, favoreciendo el pluralismo asistencial, pero fomentando también su invisibilidad. Se establece un diálogo cultural en el cuidado informal, caracterizado por interculturalismo y adaptación mutua.Conclusiones: se identifica hibridación cultural en las cuidadoras informales inmigrantes, intercambio e integración cultural: nuevas prácticas de atención a la salud y comportamientos culturales en los sistemas informales. Existe una transformación de roles familiares del cuidado en entornos domésticos, aumentando la calidad de vida, autoatención y autocuidado. Representan una alternativa a la medicalización, potenciando la autogestión de salud.

La relación de ayuda en enfermería / The help relationship in nursing

La Enfermería es una profesión basada en la relación entre la enfermera y aquella persona que requiere de sus cuidados. Sin embargo, esta relación enfermera-usuario es decisiva en lo que concierne en la calidad y satisfacción de los cuidados otorgados, y a su vez, en el bienestar de la persona, siendo la relación de ayuda una relación que va más allá de lo biológico a través de la empatía y el diálogo. Es tan importante dicha relación que la taxonomía NIC contempla intervenciones basadas en esta relación como Presencia, Contacto o Escucha activa. La relación de ayuda como tal no es taxonomizada, pues en sí no es una intervención en la Enfermería, sino que es la esencia de la misma, de la cual se inician el resto de cuidados. Por ello, es necesario conocer nuestra esencia para llevarla a la práctica y retomar lo que realmente somos por el objeto del cuidado y su bienestar bio-psico-social-espiritual. En esto se encuadra el objetivo que perseguimos en este artículo: describir la relación de ayuda y sus elementos en relación con la Enfermería y las intervenciones que realiza para establecerla según taxonomía NIC

Nursing is a profession mainly based on the relationship established between the nurse and the person who cares. Nowadays, that relationship is being relieved by modernization produced by the biomedical model. However, this relationship has a crucial influence related to quality and satisfaction of care; in the other hand, it has an important influence in human wellbeing too. Help Relationship is a kind of relation which reaches more than the biological area thorough empathy and dialogue. This kind of relation established is so important that NIC Taxonomy includes different therapeutical treatments based on help relationship, with activities such as presence, contact or active listening. Help relationship is not included literally in the taxonomy such it is because it is not considered as an intervention by itself although it is the essence of nursing. Therefore, it is necessary to know our essence to carry it out and pick it up where we really are by the subject of care and whole welfare. In this subject fits the aim of this article: to describe the help relationship as an important support for the patient and its components related to Nursing proffesion, as well as the interventions in which it can be identified according to NIC taxonomy

La Enfermería y los cuidados del sufrimiento espiritual / Nursing care and spiritual suffering

Todo hombre sufre, especialmente durante el desequilibrio que aflige la enfermedad. De ahí la importancia de dar a conocer qué es el sufrimiento espiritual y la salud espiritual como objetivo a alcanzar con las intervenciones enfermeras. De lo contrario, la persona en su unidad bio-psico-social-espiritual no estará siendo respetada, no reconociendo su dignidad, deshumanizando la salud y no otorgando unos cuidados enfermeros globales de calidad. No hay que olvidar la repercusión que tiene este problema de salud en el resto de esferas del hombre, siendo la espiritualidad uno de los factores que puede influir en el bienestar de la persona o en el tiempo de recuperación. En este artículo nos proponemos describir el sufrimiento humano, propio de la dimensión espiritual, y su cuidado en la Enfermería, pues sin otorgar dichos cuidados no podríamos hablar de holismo

All human beings suffer, especially during the imbalance produced by diseases. This is the reason why knowing what spiritual suffering is and what spiritual health is it is an important objective that must be reached by nursing interventions. Otherwise, person in a whole sense is not being respected, dignity is not recognized, health is dehumanized and there is a lack of quality in the provided nursing care. We also have to bear in mind that this health problem affects other areas of human life, being spirituality one of the factors that can develop a stronger influence in the welfare of the person or in the recovery time. In this article we try to describe human suffering, included in the spiritual area and its nursing care. Without including that, we can't speak about holism

Prevalencia de Ansiedad y Depresión en una Población de Estudiantes Universitarios: Factores Académicos y Sociofamiliares Asociados / Prevalence of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in University Students: Associated Academic and Socio-Family Factors

La elevada frecuencia de ansiedad y depresión en estudiantes universitarios está relacionada con factores sociales, familiares y por el estrés académico. El objetivo es analizar la prevalencia de trastornos de ansiedad y depresión y factores académicos y sociofamiliares asociados. El estudio se realizó en una muestra de 700 alumnos, aplicando la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión de Goldberg (EADG). Como factores de estudio se utilizaron variables que medían diversas situaciones estresantes relacionadas con factores sociofamiliares y académicos. El 47,1% de los estudiantes sufrían trastornos de ansiedad y el 55,6% depresión. En el análisis multivariante, el sexo femenino son quienes presentan mayor riesgo de ansiedad (OR: 2,30 IC 955 1,65-3,19) y de depresión (OR.: 1,98 IC 95% 1,43 -2,76), son estudiantes que realizan largos desplazamientos diarios y tienen otras obligaciones extra académicas, suponiendo mayor riesgo en estudiantes de ciencias jurídicas y de la empresa (AU)

The high frequency of anxiety and depression in university students is related to social and family factors, as well as academic stress. The goal of this paper is to analyze the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders and associated academic and social-family factors. A research was carried out on 700 students who were administered the Goldberg’s Anxiety and Depression Scale. Variables assessing a myriad of stressful situations related to socio-family and academic factors were used. Results, 47.1% of the students suffered from anxiety disorders and 55.6% suffered from depressive anxiety. In the multivariate analysis, females showed a higher level of anxiety (OR: 2.30 IC 955 1.65-3.19) and depression (OR: 1.98 IC 95% 1.43-2.76) –they are students who commute on a daily basis and have other extra-academic duties, resulting in higher risk in law and business students (AU)

[Academic and psycho-socio-familiar factors associated to anxiety and depression in university students. Reliability and validity of a questionnaire]. / Fiabilidad y validez de un cuestionario para medir en estudiantes universitarios la asociación de la ansiedad y depresión con factores académicos y psicosociofamiliares durante el curso 2004-2005.

BACKGROUND: The high frequency of anxiety and depression in university students is related to social, family factors and academic stress. The aim of this research is to determine the internal consistency and validity of a questionnaire on socio-familiar and academic situations which may be related to psychopathological situations in university students. METHODS: The research was carried out at the Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia with 700 students, to whom a questionnaire made by the researchers was given. This questionnaire included items which evaluated academic and socio-familiar aspects. Variables regarding various stressful situations amongst students, and the Goldbergs level of anxiety and depression scale were used as independent facts of research in order to measure the validity of the questionnaire. RESULTS: The reliability of the questionnaire was shown after obtaining an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.819. The original questionnaire with 19 items was reduced to 15 items after the homogeneity analysis, obtaining a Cronbach alpha of 0.758. The validity of constructio was evaluated with the factor analysis of the questionnaire, with a result of two factors which represented academic aspects and socio-familiar aspects. Those students with a positive anxiety and depression test were the ones who obtained the higher score on the global questionnaire and in both factors, proving the validity of the criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The research questionnaire is an agile and easy to use tool for the assessment and early detection of anxiety and depression in university students.

Fiabilidad y validez de un cuestionario para medir en estudiantes universitarios la asociación de la ansiedad y depresión con factores académicos y psicosociofamiliares durante el curso 2004-2005 / Academic and psycho-socio-familiar factors associated to anxiety and depression in university students. Reliability and validity of a questionnaire

Fundamento: La elevada frecuencia de ansiedad y depresión en estudiantes universitarios está relacionada con factores sociales, familiares y con el estrés académico. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido determinar la consistencia interna y la validez de un cuestionario de situaciones socio familiares y académicas que pueden estar relacionadas con situaciones psicopatológicas en estudiantes universitarios. Método: El estudio se realizó en la Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, en una muestra de 700 alumnos a los que se les administró un cuestionario de elaboración propia, que contenía ítems que valoraban aspectos académicos y socio familiares. Como factores de estudio independientes se utilizaron variables que medían diversas situaciones estresantes de los estudiantes y la escala de ansiedad y depresión de Goldberg, todo con el fin de medir la validez del cuestionario. Resultados: La fiabilidad del cuestionario quedó demostrada al obtener en el test-retest un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0,819. El cuestionario original de 19 ítems quedó reducido a 15 tras el análisis de homogeneidad, obteniendo un alfa de Cronbach de 0,758. La validez de constructo se evaluó con el análisis factorial del cuestionario, resultando dos factores que representaban a "aspectos académicos" y "aspectos sociofamiliares". Los estudiantes con el test de ansiedad y depresión positivo eran los que más puntuación obtuvieron en el cuestionario global y en los dos factores, quedando demostrada la validez de criterio. Conclusiones: El cuestionario del estudio es una herramienta de valoración, de fácil uso y de ágil aplicación para la detección precoz de ansiedad y depresión en estudiantes universitarios (AU)

Background: The high frequency of anxiety and depression in university students is related to social, family factors and academic stress. The aim of this research is to determine the internal consistency and validity of a questionnaire on socio-familiar and academic situations which may be related to psychopathological situations in university students. Methods: The research was carried out at the Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia with 700 students, to whom a questionnaire made by the researchers was given. This questionnaire included items which evaluated academic and socio-familiar aspects. Variables regarding various stressful situations amongst students, and the Goldberg’s level of anxiety and depression scale were used as independent facts of research in order to measure the validity of the questionnaire. Results: The reliability of the questionnaire was shown after obtaining an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.819. The original questionnaire with 19 items was reduced to 15 items after the homogeneity analysis, obtaining a Cronbach alpha of 0.758. The validity of constructio was evaluated with the factor analysis of the questionnaire, with a result of two factors which represented ‘academic aspects’ and ‘socio-familiar aspects’. Those students with a positive anxiety and depression test were the ones who obtained the higher score on the global questionnaire and in both factors, proving the validity of the criteria. Conclusions: The research questionnaire is an agile and easy to use tool for the assessment and early detection of anxiety and depression in university students (AU)